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Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (; May 20, 1881 – July 4, 1943) was a Polish military and political leader. Prior to the First World War, Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause of the independence of Poland from the Russian Empire. He fought with distinction in the Polish Legions during the First World War, and later in the newly created Polish Army during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919 to 1921. In that war he played a prominent role in the decisive Battle of Warsaw (1920). In the early years of the Second Polish Republic, Sikorski held government posts, including serving as Prime Minister (1922 to 1923) and as Minister of Military Affairs (1923 to 1924). Following Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 and the installation of the ''Sanacja'' government, he fell out of favor with the new régime. During the Second World War, Sikorski became Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile, Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces, and a vigorous advocate of the Polish cause in the diplomatic sphere. He supported the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union, which had been severed after the Soviet pact with Germany and the 1939 invasion of Poland — however, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin broke off Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations in April 1943 following Sikorski's request that the International Red Cross investigate the Katyń Forest massacre. In July 1943, a plane carrying Sikorski plunged into the sea immediately after takeoff from Gibraltar, killing all on board except the pilot. The exact circumstances of Sikorski's death have been disputed and have given rise to a number of conspiracy theories surrounding the crash and his death. Sikorski had been the most prestigious leader of the Polish exiles, and his death was a severe setback for the Polish cause. == Early life and First World War == Sikorski was born in Tuszów Narodowy, Galicia, at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.〔 He was the third child in his family; his father was Tomasz Sikorski, a school teacher; his mother was Emilia Habrowska.〔 His grandfather, Tomasz Kopaszyna Sikorski, had fought and been wounded at the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska in the November Uprising, during which he received the Virtuti Militari medal.〔 Sikorski attended the gimnazjum in Rzeszów (now Konarski's High School in Rzeszów) from 1893 to 1897, then transferred for a year to a Rzeszów teachers' college.〔 In 1899 he attended the Lwów Franciszek Józef Gymnasium, and in 1902 he passed his final high school exam there.〔 Starting that year, young Sikorski studied engineering at the Lwów Polytechnic, specializing in road and bridge construction, and graduated in 1908 with a diploma in hydraulic engineering.〔 In 1906 Sikorski volunteered for a year's service in the Austro-Hungarian army and attended the Austrian Military School, obtaining an officer's diploma and becoming an army reserve second lieutenant (''podporucznik rezerwy'').〔 In 1909 he married Helena Zubczewska, whom he met while at the high school in Lwów.〔〔 In 1912 they had a daughter, Zofia.〔 After graduation he worked for the Galician administration's hydraulic engineering department, working on the regulation of the Vistula river, and later was involved in private enterprises related to construction, real estate and petroleum trade.〔〔〔 During his studies at the Polytechnic, Sikorski became involved in the People's School Association (''Towarzystwo Szkoły Ludowej''), an organization dedicated to spreading literacy among the rural populace.〔 Around 1904–1905 he was briefly involved with the ''endecja'' Association of the Polish Youth "Zet", and then drifted towards paramilitary socialist organizations related to the Polish Socialist Party, which was intent on securing Polish independence.〔 He made contact with the socialist movement around 1905–1906 through the ''Union for the Resurrection of the Polish Nation'' (''Związek Odrodzenia Narodu Polskiego'').〔 In 1908, in Lwów, Sikorski—together with Józef Piłsudski, Marian Kukiel, Walery Sławek, Kazimierz Sosnkowski, Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz and Henryk Minkiewicz—organized the secret Union for Active Struggle'' (Związek Walki Czynnej)'', with the aim of bringing about an uprising against the Russian Empire, one of Poland's three partitioners.〔〔 In 1910, likewise in Lwów, Sikorski helped to organize a Riflemen's Association (the ''Związek Strzelecki''), became the president of its Lwów chapter, and became responsible for the military arm within the Commission of Confederated Independence Parties (''Komisja Skonfederowanych Stronnictwo Niepodległościowych, KSSN'').〔〔 Having a military education, he lectured other activists on military tactics.〔 Upon the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914, Sikorski was mobilized, but through KSSN influence he was allowed to participate in the organizing of the Polish military units, rather than being delegated to other duties by the Austro-Hungarian military command.〔 In the first few weeks of the war he became the chief of the Military Department in the Supreme National Committee (''Naczelny Komitet Narodowy, NKN'') and remained in this post until 1916.〔 He was a commissioner in charge of the recruitment to the Polish Legions in Kraków, choosing this role over the opportunity to serve in the Legions as a frontline commander.〔〔 On 30 September 1914 he was promoted to ''podpułkownik'' (lieutenant colonel), and soon after that he became the commander of a Legions officer school (''Szkoła Podchorążych'').〔〔 The Legions - the army created by Józef Piłsudski to liberate Poland from Russian and, ultimately, Austro-Hungarian and German rule - initially fought in alliance with Austria-Hungary against Russia. From August 1915 there was growing tension between Sikorski, who advocated cooperation with Austria-Hungary, and Piłsudski, who felt that Austria-Hungary and Germany had betrayed the trust of the Polish people.〔〔 In 1916 Piłsudski actively campaigned to have the Military Department of NKN disbanded.〔 In July that year, Sikorski was promoted to ''pułkownik'' (colonel).〔 Following the Act of 5th November (1916), Sikorski became involved with the Legions' alternatives, the Polish Auxiliary Corps and Polnische Wehrmacht.〔 In June 1917 Piłsudski refused Austro-Hungarian orders to swear loyalty to the Habsburg Emperor (the "oath crisis") and was interned at the fortress of Magdeburg, while Sikorski abandoned Polnische Wehrmacht and returned to the Austro-Hungarian Army.〔 In 1918, however, following the February Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the battle of Rarańcza, Sikorski chose belatedly to side with Piłsudski, announcing solidarity with his actions, protesting against planned separation of Chełm Land from the planned Polish state, and thus soon joined Piłsudski in internment (he would be held in Dulfalva (Dulovo)).〔〔 Nonetheless, this was not enough to smooth the differences between him and Piłsudski, and these two major Polish leaders would drift farther apart in the continuing years.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Władysław Sikorski」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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